الحزبية والتحزب فرض من الله عظيم
August 04, 2020

الحزبية والتحزب فرض من الله عظيم

الحزبية والتحزب فرض من الله عظيم

إن كلمة حزب وردت في القرآن في مواضع عديدة، مرات في مواضع الذم وأخرى في مواضع المدح وسأورد الآيات التي ذكرت فيها لفظة حزب في القرآن ليتسنى لنا فهم معناها بشكل يزيل الشوائب والغبار عما علق بهذه اللفظة في هذا الزمان.

﴿وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ اللَّهِ هُمُ الْغَالِبُونَ﴾ [المائدة: 56]

﴿ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَاهُمْ لِنَعْلَمَ أَيُّ الْحِزْبَيْنِ أَحْصَى لِمَا لَبِثُوا أَمَداً﴾ [الكهف: 12]

﴿فَتَقَطَّعُوا أَمْرَهُم بَيْنَهُمْ زُبُراً كُلُّ حِزْبٍ بِمَا لَدَيْهِمْ فَرِحُونَ﴾ [المؤمنون: 53]

﴿مِنَ الَّذِينَ فَرَّقُوا دِينَهُمْ وَكَانُوا شِيَعاً كُلُّ حِزْبٍ بِمَا لَدَيْهِمْ فَرِحُونَ﴾ [الروم: 32]

﴿إِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ فَاتَّخِذُوهُ عَدُوّاً إِنَّمَا يَدْعُوا حِزْبَهُ لِيَكُونُوا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ السَّعِيرِ﴾ [فاطر: 6]

﴿اسْتَحْوَذَ عَلَيْهِمُ الشَّيْطَانُ فَأَنسَاهُمْ ذِكْرَ اللَّهِ أُولئِكَ حِزْبُ الشَّيْطَانِ أَلَا إِنَّ حِزْبَ الشَّيْطَانِ هُمُ الْخَاسِرُونَ﴾ [المجادلة: 19]

﴿لَّا تَجِدُ قَوْماً يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ يُوَادُّونَ مَنْ حَادَّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ وَلَوْ كَانُوا آبَاءَهُمْ أَوْ أَبْنَاءَهُمْ أَوْ إِخْوَانَهُمْ أَوْ عَشِيرَتَهُمْ أُولئِكَ كَتَبَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الْإِيمَانَ وَأَيَّدَهُم بِرُوحٍ مِّنْهُ وَيُدْخِلُهُمْ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي مِن تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهَارُ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ وَرَضُوا عَنْهُ أُولئِكَ حِزْبُ اللَّهِ أَلَا إِنَّ حِزْبَ اللَّهِ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ﴾ [المجادلة: 22]

في الآية 56 من سورة المائدة والآية 22 من سورة المجادلة يذكر الله فيها أن من يتولى الله ورسوله والمؤمنين هم حزب الله وكذلك من لا يوادّ من يحارب الله ورسوله وهو مؤمن أولئك هم حزب الله، ففي الآيتين امتدح الله من يقوم بعمل معين حدده الله فوصف هؤلاء بأنهم حزب الله في معرض المدح لهذا الفعل، وفي آيات أخرى وصف الله من يقوم بأفعال معينة أنهم حزب الشيطان وهم من ينسى ذكر الله، وذكر الله هو دينه وقرآنه وكل ما أمر الله به ووصف كذلك أن للشيطان حزبا، وهم من يطيعه من البشر فيوردهم عذاب السعير، فمن لا يتخذ الشيطان عدوا هو من حزب الشيطان.

أما آيتا سورة الروم والمؤمنون ففيها تحذير من الله من التفرق في الدين والعقيدة مثل المشركين حيث أمرهم الله باتباع الدين القيم وهو الإسلام ولكنهم اختاروا التفرق وعدم الالتزام بأمر الله بأن يكونوا أمة واحدة واتخاذ كل فرقة منهم ديناً آخر يشركون به مع الله فكانوا أحزابا تقوم على عدم طاعة الله ورسوله واتباع أديان ما أنزل الله بها من سلطان إن هي إلا اتباع للأهواء، وفي آية سورة الكهف وردت كلمة الحزبين في وصف لواقع وهو وجود فريقين اختلفوا في مدة نوم أهل الكهف فكان اختلافهم هذا تحزبا أي أنه يفهم من الآية أن أي مجموعة من الأشخاص لديهم رأي موحد يجتمعون عليهم هم حزب.

وفي أدبيات عصر النبوة، استخدم لفظ الحزبية، فيروي البخاري، عن عائشة، رضي الله عنها، أن نساء رسول الله ﷺ كُن على حزبَيْن، فحزب فيه عائشة وحفصة وصفية وسودة، والحزب الآخر فيه أم سلمة وسائر نساء رسول الله، ويروي أنس بن مالك أن الأشعريين، وفيهم أبو موسى الأشعري، عندما قدموا على رسول الله، ﷺ، ودنوا من المدينة، كانوا يرتجزون، يقولون: «غداً نلقى الأحبة.. محمداً وحزبه».

ويؤكد ذلك معنى الحزب في اللغة العربية وهو أعوان الرجل أو الرجل والذين على رأيه أو مجموعة اتحدت أهواؤهم وأعمالهم، وبهذا نفهم أن الحزب أو الحزبية لذاتها ليست مذمومة أو ممدوحة بل هي بحسب ما يقوم عليه هذا الحزب من مبدأ وعقيدة ودعوة، والآن ننظر هل أمر الله بالتحزب وعلى ماذا أمرنا أن نتحزب؟

إنه مما لا شك فيه أن التحزب فرض من الله عظيم وحكيم حيث قال تعالى: ﴿وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ وَأُوْلَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ﴾ حيث يأمر الله في هذه الآية بوجود جماعة (حزب) من المؤمنين يقوم بالدعوة إلى الخير وهو الإسلام ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر، وجعل مكافأة هذا العمل هو الفلاح وهي الجنة، مما دل على فرضية إيجاد هذا الحزب الذي يقوم بهذه الفروض والتي بالقيام بها يكتب لهذه الجماعة الفلاح، وفي هذه الآية أمر واضح بالتحزب والتكتل والتجمع لأجل القيام بهذا العمل العظيم حيث إن التحزب في الآية مطلوب لذاته حيث إن الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر فرض على كل مسلم ولكن الآية تشير إلى وجوب العمل الجماعي لذلك إضافة إلى دور الفرد المسلم في القيام بالأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر، وتحدث الإمام ابن تيمية عن الحزب والتحزب، فقال: (...وأما رأس الحزب، فإنه رأس الطائفة التي تتحزب، أي تصير حزباً، فإن كانوا مجتمعين على ما أمر الله به ورسوله من غير زيادة ولا نقصان، فهم مؤمنون لهم ما لهم، وعليهم ما عليهم.. فإن الله ورسوله أمرا بالاجتماع، ونهيا عن التفرقة والاختلاف). (مجموع الفتاوى 92/11).

بعد استعراض الأدلة وبيان أهمية وفرضية وجود جماعة واحدة على الأقل تعمل لإقامة الإسلام في الأرض وتزيل وتغير كل ما يخالفه بقي لنا أن نبين أهمية العمل الجماعي على مستوى واقعي لا يمكن إحداث تغيير بدونه.

إن العمل الجماعي الحزبي هو الطريق الوحيد لإحداث أي تغيير في المجتمعات فقدوتنا وأسوتنا محمد ﷺ ابتدأ هذا الأمر فكان عمله لإقامة دولة الإسلام وإقامة الدين في الأرض عملا جماعيا؛ فقد كان ﷺ يكتل أصحابه ويعلمهم الإسلام في بيت الأرقم بن أبي الأرقم فكانوا حزبا بكل ما تحمل كلمة حزب من معنى وكان هذا الحزب صاحب قضية وغاية يسعى لها الأعضاء بشكل جاد ويقدمون في سبيلها الغالي والنفيس، وهكذا سار محمد عليه الصلاة والسلام وأصحابه على النهج نفسه إلى أن أقام ﷺ دولة المدينة والتي بها بدأ نور الإسلام يسطع ويزداد قوة ووضوحا، وهكذا كانت جميع عمليات تغيير المجتمعات سواء للأفضل أو الأسوأ فإنه لا يقوم بها إلا حزب صاحب مبدأ (فكرة وطريقة) يؤمن أتباعه بفكرته وطريقته فتكون لهم نبراسا حتى تحقيق غايتهم. وهكذا اليوم من أراد أن يغير المجتمع عليه أن يعمل بشكل جماعي في إطار حزب ذي مبدأ يستحق أن يضحي لأجله بالغالي والنفيس إيمانا بأهمية عمله وغايته، لأنه ببساطة ليس بقدرة الفرد أن يغير المجتمع أو يقيم دولة أو تغيير منكر، بعكس العمل الجماعي فهو ما كان واجباً شرعياً وطريقاً عملياً موصلاً للتغيير عقلا وواقعا.

إن حكام المسلمين اليوم يستندون في الاستمرار في طغيانهم وظلمهم على تجريم وتحريم الحزبية والعمل الحزبي المنتج فسخروا علماءهم وأقلامهم المأجورة لتنال من فكرة الحزبية وأهميتها وفرضيتها باعتبارها أمراً من الله لإيجاد الإسلام واقعا في الحياة.

أيها المسلمون! لن تقوم لكم قائمة ولن يعاد لكم حق مغتصب ولن تعود لكم أمجاد إلا بالعمل الجماعي الحزبي الجاد للتغيير، عمل يحمل مشروعا نهضويا يصل أصحابه ليلهم بنهارهم لتحقيقه وإيجاده واقعا في الحياة.

إن العمل الحزبي مع حزب يسعى لإقامة دولة الإسلام هو فرض عظيم بعظم فرض إقامة دولة الإسلام (الخلافة) فهو الطريق الأوحد والوحيد شرعا وعقلا لإيجاد الإسلام واقعا في الحياة تطبقه وتحمله دولة يحكمها خليفة يطبق على الأمة الإسلام كما أنزل على محمد ﷺ.

إن المعروف الذي أمرت به الآية ليس قائما اليوم في واقع الحياة فلا أحكام الله مطبقة، ولا أمة الإسلام موحدة، ولا الجهاد في سبيله قائماً كما أمر الله، ولا عزة لله ولرسوله وللمؤمنين، ولا نصرة قائمة للمسلمين في المشارق والمغارب، فيصبح بذلك عمل الأحزاب والجماعات اليوم غير كاف ولم يحقق الكفاية لإقامة فروض الله في الأرض فيلحق الإثم بالمسلمين جميعا القاعدين عن العمل الجماعي الحزبي لإقامة أحكام الله في الأرض، وكذلك الحال في المنكر المأمورين بتغييره وإنكاره فهو لا زال قائماً ومتمثلاً بوجود المعاصي مستباحة، ودماء المسلمين المسفوكة، وأراضي المسلمين ومقدساتهم المحتلة، وأحكام الجاهلية المطبقة عليهم، وحدود سايكس بيكو التي ترسم علاقاتهم... فكل هذه منكرات لم تتحقق الكفاية لتغييرها فيلحق بذلك الإثم المسلمين جميعا القاعدين عن العمل الجماعي الحزبي لإقامة أحكام الله في الأرض بدلا عن حكم الجاهلية الذي نعيش تحت ظلاله.

أيها المسلمون! إن كثيراً من علمائكم هم شركاء للحكام في إجرامهم وحربهم على الله ورسوله بتحريم الحزبية ومحاربتها ودعوة المسلمين في المقابل إلى الخنوع والخضوع للواقع الفاسد الذي لا يرضي الله ولا رسوله ولا المؤمنين، إنهم بذلك ارتضوا لأمة الإسلام الذل والمهانة والانتكاس، فلن يُنزل الله نصرا من السماء على من لم ينصره ويلتزم أمره ويقتفي أثر نبيه ﷺ، إن الله لا ينزل ملائكة من السماء تقيم دولة الإسلام على من لا يعمل لها بطريقتها الشرعية الموصلة لها، إن الله لن يغير ما بنا وبحالنا ما لم نقم نحن بتغييره، إن الله لن يغير حكامنا ولا أنظمتنا ما لم نقم نحن بتغييرها... فالله الله في العمل الجماعي الحزبي فهو أمر رباني عظيم وحكيم من الله ناصر رسله والمؤمنين.

وفي الختام نسأل الله أن يعجل بنصر العاملين الجادين المخلصين في جماعة لإقامة دولة الإسلام، ونسأله تعالى أن يكتب أجرهم ويعليهم ويكتب لهم بعملهم مثل أجر المهاجرين والأنصار الذين عملوا مع النبي ﷺ لإقامة دولة الإسلام الأولى وأن يحشرنا معهم بفضله وكرمه إنه ولي ذلك والقادر عليه.

كتبه للمكتب الإعلامي المركزي لحزب التحرير

د. عمر باذيب – ولاية اليمن

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Precious Fruits - The tongue of the wise man is behind his heart

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The tongue of the wise man is behind his heart

Al-Hasan al-Basri heard a man talking too much, so he said: O son of my brother, hold your tongue, for it has been said: There is nothing more worthy of imprisonment than the tongue.

It was narrated that the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: (And what causes people to be thrown on their faces into the Fire except the harvests of their tongues?) Narrated by al-Darimi mursal, Ibn Abd al-Barr, Ibn Abi Shaybah, and Ibn al-Mubarak.

He used to say: The tongue of the wise man is behind his heart, so if he wants to speak, he thinks, and if the speech is in his favor, he speaks, and if it is against him, he remains silent. And the heart of the ignorant person is behind his tongue, whenever he intends to speak, he speaks.

Etiquettes, asceticism, and sermons of Al-Hasan Al-Basri

By Abi al-Faraj Ibn al-Jawzi

May God bless our master Muhammad and all his family and companions

Peace be upon you and God's mercy and blessings

How did Islam enter Sudan?
August 15, 2025

How did Islam enter Sudan?

How did Islam enter Sudan?

The Sudan known today by its geography did not represent a unified political, cultural, or religious entity before the arrival of Muslims, as it was divided among different races, ethnicities, and beliefs. In the north, where the Nubians lived, Orthodox Christianity was prevalent as a belief, and the Nubian language, in its various dialects, was the language of politics, culture, and communication. In the east, the Beja tribes lived, who are Hamitic tribes (attributed to Ham, son of Noah), with their own language, separate culture, and different beliefs from those in the north. If we head south, we find the Negroid tribes with their distinctive features, their own languages, and pagan beliefs. The same is true in the west. ([1])

This diversity and ethnic and cultural pluralism are among the most prominent features and characteristics of the population structure in pre-Islamic Sudan, resulting from several factors, especially since Sudan enjoys a strategic geographic location in Northeast Africa. It represents a gateway to the Horn of Africa and a link between the Arab world and North Africa, and between sub-Saharan Africa. This location has given it a major role in civilizational and cultural communication and political and economic interactions throughout history. In addition, it has vital sea outlets on the Red Sea, one of the most important trade routes in the world.

The first migration of the Companions, may God be pleased with them, to the land of Abyssinia (in Rajab of the fifth year of prophethood, which is the second year of proclaiming the Da'wah) can be seen as the first indication of early contact between nascent Islam and the communities of eastern Sudan. Although the purpose of the migration was originally to seek a safe haven from persecution in Mecca, this step represented the beginning of the first Islamic presence in the African and Sudanese space. In the year 6 AH, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, sent with his messenger Amr bin Umayya a letter to Al-Najashi inviting him to Islam ([2]), and Al-Najashi replied with a letter in which he showed his acceptance.

With the conquest of Egypt at the hands of Amr ibn al-Aas during the reign of the Rashidun Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab in 20 AH/641 AD, the Nubians felt the danger when the Islamic state began to establish its administrative and political influence over the northern Nile Valley, especially in Upper Egypt, which represented a strategic and geographical extension of the Sudanese Nubian kingdoms. Therefore, the Nubian kingdoms began launching preemptive attacks on Upper Egypt as a defensive reaction. Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, ordered the governor of Egypt, Amr ibn al-Aas, to send detachments towards the land of Nubia in Sudan to secure the southern borders of Egypt and to convey the Islamic call. In turn, Amr ibn al-Aas sent an army led by Uqba ibn Nafi al-Fihri in the year 21 AH, but the army was forced to retreat, as the people of Nubia met it with great courage, and many Muslims returned with gouged eyes. The Nubians were skilled archers, making accurate hits even in the eyes, which is why the Muslims called them "archers of the pupils." In the year 26 AH (647 AD), Abdullah ibn Abi al-Sarh was appointed governor of Egypt during the days of Uthman ibn Affan and prepared to meet the Nubians, leading a well-equipped campaign and was able to penetrate south to Dongola*, the capital of the Christian Nubian kingdom in the year 31 AH/652 AD, and besieged the city severely. When they asked him for reconciliation and truce, Abdullah ibn Abi al-Sarh agreed to that ([3]). He concluded a peace treaty with them called the Covenant or Agreement of Baqt** and built a mosque in Dongola. Researchers have strived to understand the meaning of Baqt, some saying it is Latin, (Pactum) meaning agreement, but historians and writers do not see this peace treaty as other peace treaties in which Muslims imposed jizya on those who reconciled with them, but rather considered it an agreement or truce between Muslims and Nubians.

Abdullah ibn Abi al-Sarh pledged to them security, that the Muslims would not fight them, and that the Nubians would enter the lands of the Muslims as passers-by, not residents, and the Nubians would protect whoever entered their land from the Muslims or those under covenant until they left it ([4]). They were also required to maintain the mosque that the Muslims built in Dongola, sweep it, light it, and honor it, and not prevent anyone from praying in it, and to pay 360 heads of their average slaves each year. In return, the Muslims would donate annual supplies of grains and clothing (because the Nubian king complained of a lack of food in his country), but they were not obligated to repel an enemy or raider of their country. With this peace, the Muslims were reassured about the safety of their borders from the south, ensured cross-border trade between the two countries, and obtained the strong arms of Nubia to serve the state. With the movement of goods, ideas also moved, and preachers and merchants played a pivotal role in spreading Islam in Nubia through peaceful means, especially through good dealings. Trade caravans carried with them belief, language, civilization, and a way of life, just as they carried trade goods.

Arabic also became increasingly present in the daily life of Sudanese societies, especially in northern Sudan. This agreement represented a kind of permanent contact between the Muslims and the Christian Nubians that lasted for six centuries ([5]). During that time, the Islamic faith infiltrated the northern part of eastern Sudan from the mid-seventh century AD at the hands of Muslim merchants and Arab immigrants. These major Arab migrations infiltrated through 3 routes: first: from Egypt, second from the Hijaz via the ports of Badi, Aydhab and Suakin, and third: from Morocco and North Africa through the central Sudan. However, the impact of these groups was not effective due to their small size compared to the large numbers that moved from Egypt to the south since the ninth century AD, after which the land of Beja, Nubia and Central Sudan was melted by the Arab element. At that time, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim (218-227 AH/833-842 AD) decided to rely on Turkish soldiers and abandon Arab soldiers, which is considered a dangerous turning point in the history of Arabs in Egypt. Thus, the third century AH/ninth century AD witnessed wide Arab migrations to Sudan, and then penetration into the vast plains south and east ([6]), which helped stability in these areas to connect with the people of the country, influence them, and accept Islam and enter into it.

In the twelfth century AD, following the Crusaders' occupation of Palestine, the Sinai route for Egyptian and Moroccan pilgrims was no longer safe, so they turned to the port of Aydhab (known as the Port of Gold, located on the Red Sea coast). When the pilgrimage movement became active there and Muslims frequented it on their way to and from the holy lands in the Hijaz, the ships carrying goods from Yemen and India began to anchor there, thus its area was populated and its movement increased, and Aydhab occupied an excellent position in the religious and commercial life of Muslims. ([7])

When the kings of Nubia broke the covenant whenever they found weakness or weakness from the Muslims and raided Aswan and the positions of Muslims in Egypt, especially during the days of its king David in 1272 AD, the Muslims were forced to fight them during the days of al-Zahir Baybars, and a new treaty was concluded between the two parties in 1276 AD, and finally Sultan al-Nasir bin Qalawun opened Dongola in 1317 AD, and the king of Nubia, Abdullah, son of King David's brother, converted to Islam in 1316 AD, which facilitated its spread there, and the land of Nubia entered Islam permanently.([8])

As for the Christian kingdom of Alwa, it was overthrown following the alliance between the Arab Abdallab tribes and the Zanj Funj in 1504 AD, and the Islamic Funj kingdom was established, also known as the "Sennar Sultanate" after the capital, and also as the "Blue Kingdom." The Sennar kingdom is considered the first Arab Islamic state established in Sudan after the spread of Islam and the Arabic language there([9]).

As a result of the increasing Arab Islamic influence, the royal families in Nubia, Alwa, Sennar, Taqali and Darfur became Muslim after they were Christian or pagan. The ruling class's conversion to Islam was enough to bring about a multi-dimensional revolution in the history of Sudan. Muslim ruling families were formed, and with them the first models of Sudanese Islamic kingdoms were established, which had a great impact on empowering this religion and effectively contributed to spreading the Islamic religion, consolidating its pillars, laying its foundations, and establishing the foundations of Islamic civilization in the land of Sudan. Some kings assumed the role of preachers in their countries and understood their role as guardians who were responsible for conveying and preserving this religion, so they ordered what is right, forbade what is wrong, judged according to God's law, established justice as much as they could, and called to God and strived in His cause. ([10])

Thus, the call of Islam proceeded strongly and effectively in this region amidst hurricanes of paganism and Christian evangelism campaigns. Thus, Sudan is considered one of the most famous regions in which the peaceful Da'wah represented the true model for the spread of Islam, and the ability of Muslims to spread their faith through persuasion, argument, and good treatment emerged. Caravan trade and jurists played a major role in spreading Islam in the Sudanese lands, where markets replaced battlefields, and honesty, truthfulness, and good treatment replaced the sword in spreading the doctrine of monotheism([11]). In this regard, the jurist historian Abu al-Abbas Ahmad Baba al-Tanbukti says: "The people of Sudan embraced Islam voluntarily without anyone taking control of them, like the people of Kano and Borno. We have not heard that anyone took control of them before their Islam."

#SudanCrisis         #SudanCrisis

Written for the Central Media Office of Hizb ut-Tahrir

M. Durra Al-Bakoush

** Appendix: Covenant from Prince Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sarh to the Great of Nubia and to all the people of his kingdom:

"A covenant he made to the great and small of Nubia, from the border of the land of Aswan to the border of the land of Alwa, that Abdullah bin Saad has given them security and a truce running between them and the Muslims who border them from the people of Upper Egypt and other Muslims and the people of the Dhimma, that you, the Nubian community, are safe with the security of God and the security of His Messenger Muhammad the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, that we will not fight you, nor wage war against you, nor invade you, as long as you abide by the conditions between us and you, that you enter our country as passers-by, not residents in it, and we enter your country as passers-by, not residents in it, and you must protect whoever enters your country, or visits it, from Muslims or those under covenant, until he leaves you, and you must return every runaway who comes to you from the slaves of the Muslims, until you return him to the land of Islam, and do not seize him, nor prevent him from it, nor interfere with a Muslim who intends to reach him and argue with him until he leaves him, and you must protect the mosque that the Muslims built in the courtyard of your city, and do not prevent a worshiper from it, and you must sweep it, light it, and honor it, and you must pay three hundred and sixty heads every year, which you pay to the Imam of the Muslims from the average slaves of your country who are not defective, including males and females, in which there is no decrepit old man, nor an old woman, nor a child who has not reached puberty, you pay that to the governor of Aswan, and no Muslim has to repel an enemy that comes to you, nor prevent him from you, from the border of the land of Alwa to the land of Aswan, if you harbor a Muslim slave or kill a Muslim or someone under covenant, or interfere with the mosque that the Muslims built in the courtyard of your city by demolishing it, or prevent anything from the three hundred and sixty heads, then this truce and security are void, and we and you are back to square one until God judges between us, and He is the best of judges, with that is God's covenant and His pledge and His guarantee and the guarantee of His Messenger Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and we have upon you for that the greatest thing you adhere to of the guarantee of Christ, and the guarantee of the apostles, and the guarantee of whoever you magnify from the people of your religion and your sect.

God is the witness between us and you on that. Written by Amr bin Shurahbil in Ramadan, year thirty-one."


[1] The Entry of Islam into Sudan and its Impact on Correcting Beliefs by Dr. Salah Ibrahim Issa

[2] Chapter Ten of the book Tanwir Al-Ghabash fi Fadl Ahl Al-Sudan wal-Habash, by Ibn al-Jawzi

* Before Islam, the land of Nubia was divided into 3 kingdoms: Nubia, Makuria, and Alwa (from Aswan in the south to Khartoum currently). Then, after that, the kingdoms of Nubia and Makuria united between 570 AD and 652 AD and were called the Kingdom of Nubia, and its capital was Dongola.

[3] Futuh al-Buldan by Imam Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabir al-Baghdadi (known as al-Baladhuri)

** See the appendix to read the full text of the covenant

[4] Islam and Nubia in the Middle Ages by Dr. Mustafa Muhammad Saad

[5] Islam in the Sudan by J. Spencer Trimingham

[6] The Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa by Yusuf Fadl Hassan

[7] Sudan Through the Ages by Dr. Makki Shibeika

[8] Sudan by Mahmoud Shaker

[9] A Reading in the History of the Islamic Funj Kingdom (910 - 1237 AH/ 1504 - 1821 AD) by Dr. Tayeb Boujamaa Naima

[10] Islam and Nubia in the Middle Ages by Dr. Mustafa Muhammad Saad

[11] Studies in the History of Islam and Ruling Families in Sub-Saharan Africa by Dr. Nour El-Din Al-Shaabani