Facilitation in Principles of Tafsir - Surah Al-Baqarah

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كتب غير متبناة Third Edition 1436 AH - 2015 CE

Facilitation in Principles of Tafsir - Surah Al-Baqarah

Ata Bin Khalil Abu Al-Rashtah

A book on the interpretation of Surat Al-Baqarah by the scholar Ata bin Khalil Abu Al-Rashtah.

مقدمة / Introduction

All praise is due to Allah, and blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, his companions, and those who follow him. To proceed: Allah sent Muhammad with the message of Islam to bring people out of darkness into light by the permission of their Lord, to the path of the Exalted in Might, the Praiseworthy. He made his miracle - may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him - and the proof of his prophethood a blessed book from Allah, the Noble Quran, the word of Allah, the Exalted, which falsehood cannot approach from before it or from behind it, a revelation from a Wise, Praiseworthy One. Allah revealed it in the language of the Arabs, from the letters of their speech, addressing them in a clear Arabic tongue, calling them to believe in it, understand it, and adhere to it. However, they found that it did not affirm their desires, did not give weight to their idols, and did not make their corruption and their destruction a law, as they used to do. Rather, it denigrated their idols and denounced their oppression, their tyranny, and their transgression, equating between masters and slaves, near and far, Arab and non-Arab alike, except for the most pious, who is the purest. "No Arab is superior to a non-Arab except in piety." You are all from Adam, and Adam is from dust. "Indeed, We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you." When they heard what the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, brought, they understood it and knew that it was from Allah, the word of Allah and not the word of a human. They were masters of the language and skilled in it; it was their tongue and their nature, their craft and their trade. With it, they competed in their markets and argued over its curiosities.

1. Introduction 7

2. The Arabic Language 16

3. Sources of Arabic Names 16

4. First: Reality 16

5. Second: Metaphor 16

6. Third: Derivation 17

7. Fourth: Arabization 18

8. Why the Interest in the Arabic Language 20

9. Are There Metaphors in the Language and the Quran? 21

10. Consequences of Denying Metaphor 27

11. The Clear and the Ambiguous 30

12. The Method Adopted in Interpretation 32

13. First: In Terms of Language 32

14. Second: In Terms of Reason 35

15. Third: In Terms of the Clear and the Ambiguous 37

16. Fourth: In Terms of the Cohesion and Unity of the Surah's Verses 38

17. Fifth: In Terms of Multiple Narrations or Connotations 38

18. The First Hizb / The First Part 40

19. [The First Quarter / The First Hizb / The First Part] 41

20. Interpretation of the verse: {Alif Lam Meem} (1) 42

21. Interpretation of the verse: {This is the Book} (2) 43

22. Interpretation of the verse: {Those who believe... and they are the successful} (3-5) 44

23. The Subject of Faith 45

24. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, those who disbelieve... and for them is a great punishment} (6-7) 50

25. A Note on the Subject of the Heart, Hearing, and Sight 53

26. Interpretation of the verse: {And of the people are some who say... and they were not guided} (8-16) 54

27. Interpretation of the verse: {Their example is that of one... all things are possible} (17-20) 57

28. Interpretation of the verse: {O mankind, worship your Lord... abide therein forever} (21-25) 58

29. The Subject of the Inimitability of the Quran 59

30. [The Second Quarter / The First Hizb / The First Part] 64

31. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, Allah is not ashamed... the losers} (26-27) 65

32. A Note on Relatives 67

33. Interpretation of the verse: {How can you disbelieve... to Him you will be returned} (28) 68

34. Interpretation of the verse: {It is He who created for you... and He is Knowing of all things} (29) 69

35. Interpretation of the verse: {And when your Lord said... and what you were concealing} (30-33) 69

36. The Subject of Reason 70

37. Interpretation of the verse: {And when We said to the angels... and he was of the disbelievers} (34) 72

38. Interpretation of the verse: {And We said, "O Adam... they will abide therein forever"} (35-39) 73

39. Interpretation of the verse: {O Children of Israel... and bow with those who bow} (40-43) 74

40. [The Third Quarter / The First Hizb / The First Part] 77

41. Interpretation of the verse: {Do you order people to righteousness... then will you not reason?} (44) 78

42. Interpretation of the verse: {And seek help through patience... except for the humbly submissive} (45) 78

43. Interpretation of the verse: {Those who are certain... to Him they will return} (46) 79

44. Interpretation of the verse: {O Children of Israel... that you may be guided} (47-53) 80

45. Interpretation of the verse: {And [recall] when Moses said to his people... they were defiantly disobedient} (54-59) 83

46. [The Fourth Quarter / The First Hizb / The First Part] 86

47. Interpretation of the verse: {And [recall] when Moses prayed for water for his people... corrupting the land} (60) 87

48. Interpretation of the verse: {And [recall] when you said, "O Moses... and they were transgressing} (61) 88

49. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, those who believed... nor will they grieve} (62) 90

50. Interpretation of the verse: {And [recall] when We took your covenant... and an admonition for the righteous} (63-66) 92

51. Interpretation of the verse: {And [mention] when Moses said... and Allah is not unaware of what you do} (67-74) 94

52. The Second Hizb / The First Part 99

53. [The First Quarter / The Second Hizb / The First Part] 100

54. Interpretation of the verse: {Do you covet [the hope, O believers] that they will believe for you... and what they conceal} (75-77) 101

55. Interpretation of the verse: {And among them are unlettered ones... and woe to them for what they earn} (78-79) 103

56. Interpretation of the verse: {And they say, "Never will the Fire touch us... they will abide therein forever} (80-82) 104

57. Interpretation of the verse: {And [recall] when We took the covenant... nor will they be helped} (83-86) 105

58. Interpretation of the verse: {And We had certainly given Moses... if you should be believers} (87-91) 108

59. [The Second Quarter / The Second Hizb / The First Part] 113

60. Interpretation of the verse: {And Moses had certainly brought you... for what they were doing} (92-96) 114

61. Interpretation of the verse: {Say, "Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel... most of them do not believe} (97-100) 117

62. Interpretation of the verse: {And when a messenger from Allah came to them... if they only knew} (101-103) 119

63. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, say not [to the Messenger]... the possessor of great bounty} (104-105) 126

64. A Note on the Technical Meaning 127

65. Political Awareness 127

66. [The Third Quarter / The Second Hizb / The First Part] 136

67. Interpretation of the verse: {We do not abrogate a verse... nor any helper} (106-107) 137

68. A Note on Abrogation 139

69. Interpretation of the verse: {Or do you intend to ask your Messenger... of what you do, Seeing} (108-110) 142

70. Interpretation of the verse: {And they say, "None will enter Paradise... concerning which they differ} (111-113) 144

71. Interpretation of the verse: {And who is more unjust... from the companions of the Fire} (114-119) 146

72. Interpretation of the verse: {Never will the Jews or the Christians approve of you... nor will they be helped} (120-123) 151

73. [The Fourth Quarter / The Second Hizb / The First Part] 153

74. Interpretation of the verse: {And [mention] when Abraham was tried by his Lord... My covenant [does] not include the wrongdoers} (124) 154

75. Interpretation of the verse: {And [mention] when We made the House... the bowers and the prostrators} (125) 155

76. Interpretation of the verse: {And [mention] when Abraham said... and wretched is the destination} (126) 158

77. Interpretation of the verse: {And [mention] when Abraham was raising... the Exalted in Might, the Wise} (127-129) 158

78. Interpretation of the verse: {And who would be averse... for what they used to do} (130-134) 161

79. A Note on the Religion of Abraham 163

80. Interpretation of the verse: {And they say, "Be Jews or Christians... Him we worship} (135-138) 166

81. Interpretation of the verse: {Say, "Do you argue with us about Allah... for what they used to do} (139-141) 169

82. The Third Hizb / The Second Part 173

83. [The First Quarter / The Third Hizb / The Second Part] 174

84. Interpretation of the verse: {The foolish among the people will say... then you would be among the misguided} (142-145) 175

85. Interpretation of the verse: {Those to whom We gave the Scripture recognize him... that you may be guided} (146-150) 183

86. Interpretation of the verse: {As We have sent among you... and do not be ungrateful to Me} (151-152) 186

87. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, seek help through patience... they are the [rightly] guided} (153-157) 187

88. A Note on Patience 189

89. [The Second Quarter / The Third Hizb / The Second Part] 192

90. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, as-Safa and al-Marwa are among the symbols of Allah... then indeed, Allah is Appreciative and Knowing} (158) 193

91. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, those who conceal... the Most Merciful} (159-163) 196

92. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, in the creation of the heavens... are signs for a people who understand} (164) 198

93. Interpretation of the verse: {And of the people are those who take... nor will they ever leave the Fire} (165-167) 200

94. Interpretation of the verse: {O mankind, eat from whatever is on earth... indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful} (168-173) 203

95. Interpretation of the verse: {Indeed, those who conceal... are in extreme dissension} (174-176) 207

96. [The Third Quarter / The Third Hizb / The Second Part] 211

97. Interpretation of the verse: {Righteousness is not that you turn your faces... and they are the righteous} (177) 212

98. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution... that you may become righteous} (178-179) 215

99. Interpretation of the verse: {Prescribed for you is that when death approaches... Allah is Forgiving and Merciful} (180-182) 218

100. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, fasting is prescribed for you... and that you may be grateful} (183-185) 222

101. Interpretation of the verse: {And when My servants ask you, [O Muhammad], concerning Me... that they may be guided} (186) 229

102. A Note on Supplication 229

103. Interpretation of the verse: {It has been made permissible for you the night preceding fasting... that they may become righteous} (187) 233

104. Interpretation of the verse: {And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly... while you know [it is unlawful]} (188) 237

105. [The Fourth Quarter / The Third Hizb / The Second Part] 239

106. Interpretation of the verse: {They ask you about the new moons... that you may succeed} (189) 240

107. Interpretation of the verse: {Fight in the way of Allah... except against the wrongdoers} (190-193) 242

108. Interpretation of the verse: {The prohibited month for the prohibited month... indeed, Allah loves the doers of good} (194-195) 250

109. Interpretation of the verse: {And complete the Hajj and 'umrah for Allah... and that Allah is severe in penalty} (196) 252

110. Interpretation of the verse: {The Hajj is [during] well-known months... indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful} (197-199) 258

111. Interpretation of the verse: {And when you have completed your rites... and Allah is swift in account} (200-202) 264

112. The Fourth Hizb / The Second Part 267

113. [The First Quarter / The Fourth Hizb / The Second Part] 268

114. Interpretation of the verse: {And remember Allah during [specific] numbered days... to Him you will be gathered} (203) 269

115. Interpretation of the verse: {And of the people is he whose speech pleases you... and Allah is Kind to [His] servants} (204-207) 272

116. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, enter into Islam completely... to Allah matters are returned} (208-210) 275

117. Interpretation of the verse: {Ask the Children of Israel... without account} (211-212) 281

118. Interpretation of the verse: {Mankind was [of] one religion... Unquestionably, the help of Allah is near} (213-214) 283

119. Interpretation of the verse: {They ask you, [O Muhammad], what they should spend... indeed, Allah is Knowing of it} (215) 286

120. Interpretation of the verse: {Fighting has been enjoined upon you... and Allah is Forgiving and Merciful} (216-218) 288

121. [The Second Quarter / The Fourth Hizb / The Second Part] 299

122. Interpretation of the verse: {They ask you about intoxicants and games of chance... Exalted in Might, the Wise} (219-220) 300

123. Interpretation of the verse: {And do not marry polytheistic women... that perhaps they may remember} (221) 307

124. Interpretation of the verse: {And they ask you about menstruation... and give good tidings to the believers} (222-223) 312

125. Interpretation of the verse: {And do not make [your oath by] Allah... and Allah is Forgiving and Forbearing} (224-225) 317

126. Interpretation of the verse: {For those who swear not to approach their women... then indeed, Allah is Hearing and Knowing} (226-227) 319

127. Interpretation of the verse: {Divorced women remain in waiting... for a people who know} (228-230) 321

128. Interpretation of the verse: {And when you divorce women... while you do not know} (231-232) 337

129. [The Third Quarter / The Fourth Hizb / The Second Part] 341

130. Interpretation of the verse: {Mothers may breastfeed their children... Allah is Forgiving and Merciful} (223-235) 342

131. Interpretation of the verse: {There is no blame upon you... of what you do, Seeing} (236-237) 348

132. Interpretation of the verse: {Maintain with [strict care] the [obligatory] prayers... that you may know} (238-239) 351

133. Interpretation of the verse: {And those who are taken in death... that you might understand} (240-242) 356

134. [The Fourth Quarter / The Fourth Hizb / The Second Part] 360

135. Interpretation of the verse: {Have you not considered those who left their homes... and to Him you will be returned} (243-245) 361

136. Interpretation of the verse: {Have you not considered the assembly of the Children of Israel... if you should be believers} (246-248) 364

137. Interpretation of the verse: {And when Saul went forth with the soldiers... favor over [all] the worlds} (249-251) 367

138. Interpretation of the verse: {These are the verses of Allah... indeed, you are of the messengers} (252) 370

139. The Fifth Hizb / The Third Part 373

140. [The First Quarter / The Fifth Hizb / The Third Part] 374

141. Interpretation of the verse: {Those messengers - some of them We caused to exceed others... they will abide therein forever} (253-257) 375

142. Interpretation of the verse: {Have you not considered the one who argued with Abraham... Exalted in Might, the Wise} (258-260) 390

143. Interpretation of the verse: {The example of those who spend their wealth... nor will they grieve} (261-262) 398

144. [The Second Quarter / The Fifth Hizb / The Third Part] 401

145. Interpretation of the verse: {Kind speech and forgiveness... that perhaps you may give thought} (263-266) 402

146. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, spend from the good things... of what you do, Aware} (267-271) 406

147. [The Third Quarter / The Fifth Hizb / The Third Part] 417

148. Interpretation of the verse: {Not upon you, [O Muhammad], is [responsibility for] their guidance... nor will they grieve} (272-274) 418

149. Interpretation of the verse: {Those who consume interest... and they are not wronged} (275-281) 424

150. A Note on Interest (Riba) 434

151. Interpretation of the verse: {O you who have believed, when you contract a debt... and Allah is Knowing of all things} (282) 446

152. [The Fourth Quarter / The Fifth Hizb / The Third Part] 456

153. Interpretation of the verse: {And if you are on a journey... of what you do, All-Knowing} (283) 456

154. Interpretation of the verse: {To Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens... the disbelieving people} (284-286) 460

155. Conclusion of Surat Al-Baqarah 474

خاتمة / Conclusion

Imam Ahmad and Imam Muslim narrated, and the wording is Muslim's, from Abu Umama, who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, say: "Read the Quran, for it will come as an intercessor for its companions on the Day of Resurrection. Read the two bright ones, Surat al-Baqarah and Surat Al Imran, for they will come on the Day of Resurrection as if they were two clouds, or as if they were two shades, or as if they were two flocks of birds in ranks, pleading for their companions. Read Surat al-Baqarah, for taking it is a blessing and leaving it is a regret, and the sorcerers cannot withstand it." In another version by Al-Tirmidhi, it is (two shades). Ghiyayah or Ghiyabah: what shades you from above. Al-Firq: A piece of something. Al-Batala: Sorcerers. And the meaning of "cannot withstand it": that is, they cannot penetrate the one who reads it, that is, influence him. Imam Ahmad narrated in his Musnad from the route of Ma'qal bin Yasar that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Al-Baqarah is the summit of the Quran and its peak."

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