تعريف الخلافة
June 21, 2017

تعريف الخلافة

تعريف الخلافة

واقعها: الخلافة هي الإمامة الكبرى، وهي أصلٌ استقرت عليه قواعد الملة، وهي رئاسة تامة، وزعامة عامة، وخلافة للنبوة لحراسة الدين وإقامته، وسياسة الدنيا بتطبيق الشريعة، وسياسة الرعية ورعاية شئونها، والقيام على مصالحها، وإظهار شرائع الدين، وإقامة حدوده، والائتمار بأوامره والانتهاء عن نواهيه، وتبني والتزام أحكامه، وإقامة المعروف وإظهاره وكف المنكر وطمس آثاره، وحفظ الحوزة، وبسط الأمن، والدفاع عن الدولة في مواجهة الأعداء الخارجيين، ومن ذلك يتفرع إقامة الصناعات الثقيلة، ومراكز الأبحاث، وإقامة الصناعات التي تتعلق بأعيان الملكية العامة كمصانع استخراج المعادن وتنقيتها وصهرها، وكمصانع استخراج النفط وتنقيته،

والخلافة تقوم بإقامة الحق، والقضاء بالعدل، ورفع الظلم، والقضاء في الخصومات، وإقامة الميزان بالقسط، وحمل الدعوة، وإقامة مؤسسات الدولة، وأجهزتها، ودواوينها، وأسواقها، وتعيين المعاونين والولاة والموظفين من ذوي القوة والكفاية والأمانة، وتطبيق أنظمة الإسلام في الحكم والسياسة الداخلية والسياسة الخارجية، والقضاء والإدارة، والاقتصاد، والتعليم والاجتماع، والإعلام والعقوبات، وإدارة مصالحها في شئون العمل والطرق والتطبيب والتعليم والزراعة وما إلى ذلك، وإحاطة الرأي بسياج الشورى، والقيام على تهيئة العمل لكل فرد من أفراد الرعية، إن كان قادراً عليه، وضمان الحاجات الأساسية له، من مأكل ومسكن وملبس، والعمل لتوفير الأقل منها ضرورة، الزواج وما يركب لقضاء مصالحه البعيدة وضمانة الحقين الطبيعيين التطبيب والتعليم وتمكينه من تحقيق الرفاهية له ومن يعوله[1].

تعريفها: قال الإمام أبو الحسن الماوردي[2] رحمه الله تعالى: فإن الله جَلَّتْ قدرته ندب للأمة زعيمًا خلف به النبوة، وحاط به الملة، وفوض إليه السياسة، ليصدر التدبير عن دين مشروع، وتجتمع الكلمة على رأي متبوع، فكانت الإمامة أصلا عليه استقرت قواعد الملة، منه ما يصلح لسياسة الدنيا، وانتظمت به مصالح الأمة حتى استثبتت بها الأمور العامة، وصدرت عنها الولايات الخاصة.

ثم عرف الماوردي الإمامة فقال: الإمامة موضوعة لخلافة النبوة في حراسة الدين وسياسة الدنيا، وعقدها لمن يقوم بها في الأمة واجب بالإجماع وإن شذ عنهم الأصم.[3]

يقول الإمام الراغب الأصفهاني[4] في مفرداته: "الخلافة: النيابة عن الغير، إما لغيبة المنوب عنه، وإما لموته، وإما لعجزه، وإما لتشريف المُسْتَخْلَفِ. وعلى هذا الوجه الأخير استخلف الله أولياءه في الأرض، قال تعالى: ﴿هُو الَّذِي جَعَلَكُمْ خَلائِفَ فِي الْأَرْضِ﴾ [فاطر: 39] وقال: ﴿وَيَسْتَخْلِفُ رَبِّي قَوْماً غَيْرَكُمْ﴾[5] [هود: 57].

وليس بالضروري للخلافة أن يكون المنوب عنه ميتاً أو غير موجود. فالإمام الراغب يقول: "خلف فلان فلاناً، قام بالأمر عنه وإما بعده"[6].

أما إمام الحرمين أبو المعالي عبد الملك الجويني[7] فقد عرف الإمامة بأنها: "رياسة تامة، وزعامة عامة، تتعلق بالخاصة والعامة في مهمات الدين والدنيا مهمتها حفظ الحوزة، ورعاية الرعية، وإقامة الدعوة بالحجة والسيف وكف الحيف والخيف، والانتصاف للمظلومين من الظالمين، واستيفاء الحقوق من الممتنعين وإيفاؤها على المستحقين"[8].

وقال الإيجي: الإمامة خلافة الرسول في إقامة الدين، بحيث يجب اتباعه على كافة الأمّة[9].

وقال التهانوي في كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون "الإمامة عند المتكلمين: هي خلافة الرسول eفي إقامة الدين وحفظ حوزة الإسلام بحيث يجب اتباعه على كافة الأمة والذي هو خليفته يسمى إماماً"[10].

وعرف التفتازاني الإمامة بقوله: "نيابة عن الرسول eفي إقامة الدين بحيث يجب على كافة الأمم الاتباع"[11]

وعرفها الصنعاني بقوله: "رئاسة عامة لشخص مخصوص بحكم الشرع ليس فوقه يد إلا يد الله تعالى"[12]

وقد وصف القلقشندي[13] الخلافة بـِ "حظيرة الإسلام ومحيط دائرته ومربع رعاياه ومرتع سائمته والتي بها يُحفَظُ الدين ويُحمى، وبها تُصان بيضةُ الإسلامِ، وتسكن الدَّهْماءُ وتُقامُ الحدودُ فتُمنعُ المحارمُ عن الانتهاكِ وتُحفظُ الفروجُ فَتُصانُ الأنسابُ عن الاختلاطِ وتُحصَّنُ الثغورُ فلا تُطرقْ، ويُذاد عن الحُرَمِ فلا تُقرع جُنَّةُ جَماها، ولا تُرْشقْ."[14].

مما سبق يتبين أن الخلافة في الاصطلاح الإسلامي تعني القيادة الإسلامية أو الإمامة، ومن هنا يُعلم أن مصطلح الإمامة يرادف مصطلح الخلافة.[15]

وممن يؤكد التماثل المعنوي بين الإمامة والخلافة العلامة ابن خلدون إذ يقول: "وإذ قد بينّا حقيقة هذا المنصب، وأنه نيابة عن صاحب الشريعة، في حفظ الدين وسياسة الدنيا به تسمى خلافة أو إمامة، والقائم به خليفة أو إمام"[16].

ويفسر الشيخ العلامة محمد أبو زهرة الترادف بين اللفظين بقوله: "إن المذاهب السياسية كلها تدور حول الخلافة، وهي الإمامة الكبرى، وسمّيت خلافة لأن الذي يتولاها، ويكون الحاكم الأعظم للمسلمين، يخلف النبيَّ في إدارة شؤونهم، وتسمّى الإمامة لأن الخليفة كان يسمى إماماً، ولأن طاعته واجبة، ولأن الناس كانوا يسيرون وراءه، كما يصلون وراء من يؤمهم في الصلاة "[17].

إذن فلنا أن نلخص من مجموع تعاريف الخلافة أنها: هي رئاسة تامة، وزعامة عامة، وخلافة للنبوة لحراسة الدين وإقامته، وحفظ الحوزة، وإقامة العدل، ورفع الظلم، والقضاء في الخصومات، وسياسة الرعية ورعاية شئونها، والقيام على مصالحها، وحمل الدعوة، وإقامة الميزان بالقسط الذي شرعه الله تعالى لعباده، وركوب سبيل العدل والحق الذي قامت به السماوات والأرض، وإظهار شرائع الدين ونصر المظلوم والأخذ على يد الظالم، ومراعاة الفقراء والمساكين، وسياسة الدنيا بتطبيق الشريعة، وإقامة حدودها، والائتمار بأوامرها والانتهاء عن نواهيها، والتزام أحكامها، وتطبيق أنظمتها في الحكم والقضاء والإدارة، والاقتصاد، والتعليم والاجتماع، والإعلام والعقوبات، فالإسلام أسٌّ، والخلافة حارس للدين، ومطبق لأحكامه، فهي الفرض الحافظ للفروض، القائم على حسن تطبيقها في الأرض.

كتبه للمكتب الإعلامي المركزي لحزب التحرير

ثائر سلامة (أبو مالك)


[1] الماوردي: الأحكام السلطانية؛ مفردات ألفاظ القرآن للراغب؛ غياث الأمم للجويني؛ سراج الملوك للطرطوشي؛ الإسلام ضامن للحاجات الأساسية لكل فرد ويعمل على رفاهيته لعبد العزيز البدري.

[2] الماوردي: هو الإمام العلامة أقضى القضاة أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي الشافعي. حدث عنه أبو بكر الخطيب ووثقه. وقال: مات في ربيع الأول سنة خمسين وأربع مائة. وولي القضاء ببلدان شتى. بلغ ستاُ وثمانين سنة. انظر ترجمته في سير أعلام النبلاء للحافظ الذهبي - تحقيق: شعيب الأرناؤوط ومحمد نعيم العرقسوسي - مؤسسة الرسالة - 1413هـ - ط 9 - 18 / 64

[3] الأحكام السلطانية للماوردي

[4] الرَّاغِب الأَصْفَهَاني هو الحسين بن محمد بن المفضل، أبو القاسم الأصفهاني (أو الأصبهاني) المعروف بالراغب (توفي ٥٠٢هـ / ١١٠٨م) هو أديب وعالم، أصله من أصفهان، وعاش ببغداد. قال الزركلي عنه: «اشتهر، حتى كان يقرن بالإمام الغزالي».

[5] مفردات ألفاظ القرآن الكريم - الراغب الأصفهاني - تحقيق: صفوان عدنان داوودي - دار القلم - دمشق - ط1 - 1412هـ - 1992م - ص294.

[6] المصدر السابق: ص: 294.

[7] الجويني: هو الإمام الكبير، شيخ الشافعية إمام الحرمين، أبو المعالي عبد الملك بن عبد الله بن يوسف الجويني ثم النيسابوري الشافعي، ولد في أول سنة تسع عشرة وأربع مائة، وتوفي في سنة ثمان وسبعين وأربع مائة. انظر ترجمته في سير أعلام النبلاء الذهبي - 18 / 477.

[8] غياث الأمم في التياث الظلم - الجويني - تحقيق ودراسة وفهرسة د. عبد العظيم الديب - كلية الشريعة - جامعة قطر - ط 1 - 1400هـ - ص 22.

[9] الإيجي في المواقف في علم الكلام: المرصد الرابع في الإمامة ومباحثها ص 395

[10] كشاف اصطلاحات الفنون - محمد أعلى بن علي التهانوي - خياط - بيروت - بدون سنة طباعة - 1/92.

[11] شرح العقائد النسفية للتفتازاني ص 15.

[12] الصنعاني، التاج المذهب لأحكام المذهب شرح متن الأزهار في فقه الأئمة الأطهار 4/ 404.

[13] أبو العباس شهاب الدين أحمد بن علي بن أحمد القلقشندي ثم الفزاري نسبة إلى قبيلة فزارة الغطفانية العربية، صاحب كتاب صبح الأعشى في كتابة الإنشا في 14 مجلدا،، ولد في قرية قلقشندة بمحافظة القليوبية سنة 765هـ، وله كتابان في الأنساب، وله كتاب الغيوث الهوامع في شرح جامع المختصرات و مختصرات الجوامع، وله كتاب: مآثر الإنافة في معالم الخلافة.

[14] مآثر الإنافة في معالم الخلافة الجزء الأول ص 2.

[15] مُعوقات الخلافة الإِسلامية وسُبل إِعادتها، د. سعد عبد الله عاشور

[16] مقدمة ابن خلدون - ص 191.

[17] تاريخ المذاهب الإسلامية - محمد أبو زهرة - دار الفكر العربي - القاهرة - ص 20.

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Do not be deceived by names, for the essence lies in actions, not lineage

Do not be deceived by names, for the essence lies in actions, not lineage

Every time we are presented with a "new symbol" with Muslim roots or Eastern features, many Muslims cheer, and hopes are built on an illusion called "political representation" in an infidel system that does not recognize Islam as a ruling system, a creed, or a law.

We all remember the overwhelming joy that swept through the feelings of many when Obama won in 2008. He is the son of Kenya, and he has a Muslim father! Here, some imagined that Islam and Muslims had become close to American influence, but Obama was one of the most harmful presidents to Muslims. He destroyed Libya, contributed to the tragedy of Syria, and ignited Afghanistan and Iraq with his planes and soldiers. Rather, he was the blood shedder in Yemen through his tools, and his era was a continuation of a systematic hostility against the nation.

Today, the scene is repeated, but with new names. Zohran Mamdani is celebrated because he is a Muslim, an immigrant, and a young man, as if he is the savior! But only a few look at his political and intellectual positions. This man is a strong supporter of homosexuals, participates in their activities, and considers their deviation a human right!

What a shame that people pin their hopes on this?! Wasn't it a repetition of the same political and intellectual disappointment that the nation has fallen into time and time again?! Yes, because it is captivated by appearance, not essence! Deceived by smiles, and deals with emotion, not creed, with names, not concepts, and with symbols, not principles!

This fascination with appearances and names is the result of the absence of legitimate political awareness, because Islam is not measured by origin, name, or race, but by commitment to the principle of Islam in its entirety; as a system, creed, and law. A Muslim who does not rule by Islam or support it has no value, but rather submits to the infidel capitalist system and justifies infidelity and deviations in the name of "freedom".

Let all Muslims who rejoiced in his victory and thought that he was a seed of good or the beginning of revival know that revival does not come from within systems of disbelief, nor with their tools, nor through their ballot boxes, nor under the ceiling of their constitutions.

Whoever presents himself through the democratic system, swears to respect its laws, then defends and celebrates homosexuality, and calls for what angers God, is not a supporter of Islam or a hope for the nation, but rather a tool for polishing and diluting, and a false representation that does not advance or delay anything.

The so-called political successes in the West for some personalities with Islamic names are nothing but crumbs presented as painkillers to the nation, to be told: Look, change is possible through our systems.

 So what is the reality of this "representation"?

The West does not open the doors of rule to Islam, but only opens them to those who identify with its values and ideas. Anyone who enters their system must accept their constitution and their man-made laws, and renounce the rule of Islam. If he agrees to that, he becomes an acceptable model, but the true Muslim is rejected by them from his roots.

So who is Zohran Mamdani? And why is this illusion being created?

He is a person who carries a Muslim name but adopts a deviant agenda that is completely contrary to the nature of Islam, from supporting homosexuals and promoting what is called their "rights". He is a living example of how the West makes its models: Muslim in name, secular in reality, a servant of the Western liberal agenda, nothing more. Rather, to distract the nation from its true path. Instead of demanding the state of Islam and the Caliphate, it is preoccupied with parliamentary seats and positions in systems of disbelief! Instead of heading to liberate Palestine, it waits for someone to "defend Gaza" from inside the American Congress or the European Parliament!

The truth of the matter is that this is a distortion of the true path of change, which is the establishment of the Rightly Guided Caliphate on the Prophetic method, which raises the banner of Islam, establishes the law of God, and unites the nation behind one Caliph who is fought from behind and feared.

So do not be deceived by names, and do not rejoice in those who belong to you in form and disagree with you in content, for not everyone who bears the name Saeed, Ali, or Zohran is on the path of our Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

Know that change does not come from within the parliaments of disbelief, but from the armies of the nation that have come to move, and from its conscious youth who work day and night to turn the tables on the West and its aides and its treacherous followers in the lands of Islam and the Muslims.

Muslims will not rise through democratic elections or through Western ballot boxes, but through a real renaissance based on the Islamic creed, by establishing the Rightly Guided Caliphate that restores Islam's status, Muslims' dignity, and shatters the illusions of democracy.

Do not be deceived by names, and do not pin your hopes on individuals in systems of disbelief, but return to your great project: the resumption of Islamic life, for this alone is the path to glory, victory, and empowerment.

The scene is a humiliating repetition of old tragedies: false symbols, loyalty to Western regimes, and deviation from the path of Islam. Everyone who applauds this path is misleading the nation. Return to the Caliphate project, and do not let the enemies of Islam make your leaders and representatives for you. Glory is not in the seats of democracy, but in the saddle of the Caliphate, for which Hizb ut-Tahrir works and warns the nation against this intellectual and political decline. There is no salvation for us except with the state of the Caliphate, which does not allow Muslims to be ruled by those who profess a religion other than Islam, nor by those who justify deviance and perversion, nor by those who legislate for people other than what God has revealed.

Written for the Central Media Office of Hizb ut-Tahrir

Abdul Mahmoud Al-Ameri - Yemen Province

Egypt Between Government Slogans and Bitter Reality: The Full Truth About Poverty and Capitalist Policies

Egypt Between Government Slogans and Bitter Reality

The Full Truth About Poverty and Capitalist Policies

Al-Ahram Gate reported on Tuesday, November 4, 2025, that the Egyptian Prime Minister, in a speech delivered on behalf of the President at the Second World Summit for Social Development in Doha, Qatar, said that Egypt is implementing a comprehensive approach to eliminate poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including "multidimensional poverty."

For years, official speeches in Egypt have rarely been devoid of phrases such as "a comprehensive approach to eliminating poverty" and "the real launch of the Egyptian economy." Officials repeat these slogans at conferences and events, accompanied by glossy images of investment projects, hotels, and resorts. But the reality, as evidenced by international reports, is quite different. Poverty in Egypt remains a deeply rooted, and even worsening, phenomenon, despite repeated government promises of improvement and renaissance.

According to reports by UNICEF, ESCWA, and the World Food Programme for 2024 and 2025, about one in five Egyptians lives in multidimensional poverty, meaning they are deprived of more than one aspect of basic life, such as education, health, housing, work, and services. The data also confirms that more than 49% of families suffer from difficulties in obtaining sufficient food, a shocking figure that reflects the depth of the living crisis.

As for financial poverty, i.e., low income compared to the costs of living, it has risen sharply as a result of successive waves of inflation that have eroded people's wages, efforts, and savings, until a large percentage of Egyptians are below the financial poverty line despite their constant work.

While the government talks about initiatives such as "Takaful and Karama" and "Decent Life," international figures reveal that these programs have not radically changed the structure of poverty, but have been limited to temporary palliatives similar to a drop poured into the desert. The Egyptian countryside, where more than half of the population lives, still suffers from poor services, a lack of decent job opportunities, and dilapidated infrastructure. The ESCWA report confirms that deprivation in the countryside is several times greater than in the cities, which indicates poor distribution of wealth and chronic neglect of the peripheries.

When the Prime Minister thanks the citizen "who has endured with the government the measures of economic reform," he is in fact acknowledging the existence of real suffering resulting from these policies. However, this acknowledgment is not followed by a change in approach, but rather a continuation on the same capitalist path that caused the crisis.

The alleged reform that began in 2016 with the "floatation" program, raising subsidies, and increasing taxes, was not a reform but rather a burdening of the poor with the cost of debts and deficits. At a time when officials are talking about "the launch," huge investments are going to luxury real estate and tourism projects that serve the owners of capital, while millions of young people find no opportunities for work or housing. Indeed, many of these projects, such as the Alam El Roum area in Matrouh, whose investments are estimated at $29 billion, are foreign capitalist partnerships that acquire land and wealth and turn them into a source of profit for investors, not a source of livelihood for the people.

The regime fails not only because it is corrupt, but because it follows a false intellectual basis, which is the capitalist system, which makes money the focus of all state policies. Capitalism is based on absolute freedom of ownership, and allows the accumulation of wealth in the hands of the few who own the means of production, while the many bear the burden of taxes, prices, and public debt.

Therefore, all so-called "social protection programs" are merely an attempt to beautify the brutal face of capitalism, and to prolong the life of an unjust system that takes into account the rich and collects from the poor. Instead of addressing the root of the disease; i.e., the monopoly of wealth and the dependence of the economy on international institutions, it is sufficient to distribute crumbs of cash aid, which do not alleviate poverty or preserve dignity.

Care is not a favor from the ruler to the ruled, but a legitimate duty, and a responsibility for which God will hold him accountable in this world and the hereafter. What is happening today is a deliberate neglect of people's affairs, and an abandonment of the duty of care in favor of conditional loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

The state has become an intermediary between the poor and the foreign creditor, imposing taxes, reducing subsidies, and selling public property to cover a swollen deficit created by the capitalist system itself. In all of this, the legitimate concepts that regulate the economy are absent, such as the prohibition of usury, the prevention of the ownership of public wealth by individuals, and the obligation to spend on the people from the treasury of the Muslims.

Islam has presented an integrated economic system that addresses poverty at its roots, not just with cash support or cosmetic projects. This system is based on fixed legitimate foundations, the most prominent of which are:

1- Prohibiting usury and usurious debts that shackle the state and drain its resources. By eliminating usury, the dependence of the economy on international institutions will disappear, and the financial sovereignty of the nation will be restored.

2- Making ownership three types:

Individual ownership: such as houses, shops, and private farms...

Public ownership: includes major wealth such as oil, gas, minerals, and water...

State ownership: such as fay' lands, rikaz, and kharaj...

With this distribution, justice is achieved, as a small group is prevented from monopolizing the nation's resources.

3- Guaranteeing sufficiency for every individual of the people: The state guarantees for every person in its care their basic needs of food, clothing, and housing. If they are unable to work, the treasury must spend on them.

4- Zakat and mandatory spending: Zakat is not a charity, but an obligation, collected by the state and spent in its legitimate channels for the poor, the needy, and the debtors. It is an effective distribution tool that returns money to the cycle of life in society.

Along with stimulating productive work and preventing exploitation, and urging investment of resources in real beneficial projects such as heavy and military industries, not in speculation, luxury real estate and fictitious projects. In addition to adjusting prices with real supply and demand, not with monopoly or floatation.

The Khilafah state on the method of Prophethood is the only one capable of applying these provisions practically, because it is built on the basis of Islamic creed, and its goal is to care for people's affairs, not to collect their money. Under the Khilafah, there is no usury or conditional loans, and no sale of public wealth to foreigners, but resources are managed in a way that achieves the interest of the nation, and the treasury finances health care, education, and public facilities from state resources, kharaj, anfal, and public property.

As for the poor, their basic needs are guaranteed individually, not through temporary charity but as a guaranteed legitimate right. Therefore, fighting poverty in Islam is not a political slogan, but an integrated system of life that establishes justice, prevents injustice, and returns wealth to its people.

Between the official discourse and the lived reality is a huge distance that is not hidden from anyone. While the government boasts of its "giant" projects and the "real launch," millions of Egyptians live below the poverty line, suffering from high prices, unemployment, and a lack of hope. The truth is that this suffering will not disappear as long as Egypt continues on the path of capitalism, surrendering its economy to usurers and submitting to the policies of international institutions.

The crises and problems of Egypt are human problems and not material ones, and they relate to legitimate rulings that show how to deal with them and treat them on the basis of Islam, and the solutions are easier than turning a blind eye, but they need a sincere administration that has a free will that wants to walk in the right path and truly wants good for Egypt and its people, and then this administration must review all the contracts that were previously concluded and that are concluded with all the companies that monopolize the assets of the country and what is of its public ownership, and at the forefront are companies exploring for gas, oil, gold and the rest of the minerals and wealth, and expel all those companies because they are originally colonial companies plundering the wealth of the country, then formulate a new covenant based on enabling people to access the country's wealth and establishing or leasing companies that are based on producing wealth from the sources of oil, gas, gold and other minerals and redistribute these wealth to the people again, then people will be able to cultivate the dead land that the state will enable them to exploit with their right in it, and they will also be able to manufacture what must be manufactured to raise the economy of Egypt and suffice its people, and the state will support them in this way, and all this is not a figment of the imagination or impossible to happen or a project that we present for experimentation that may succeed or fail, but it is legitimate rulings that are necessary and binding on the state and the people, so the state may not give up the wealth of the country that is owned by the people under the pretext of contracts approved and supported by unjust international laws, and it may not prevent people from it, but it must cut off every hand that extends plundering to the wealth of the people, this is what Islam offers and must be implemented, but it is not applied in isolation from the rest of the systems of Islam, but it is only applied through the Rashidun Khilafah state on the method of Prophethood, this state whose concern and call for is carried by Hizb ut-Tahrir and calls on Egypt and its people, people and army, to work with it for its sake, may God write the conquest from Him, so we see it a reality that honors Islam and its people, O God, sooner rather than later.

﴿If the people of the towns had but believed and been righteous, We would have opened for them blessings from heaven and earth.﴾

Written for the Central Media Office of Hizb ut-Tahrir

Saeed Fadl

Member of the Media Office of Hizb ut-Tahrir in the Wilayah of Egypt