الرعاية الصحية في الدولة الإسلامية – الحلقة الثلاثون
الرعاية الصحية في الدولة الإسلامية – الحلقة الثلاثون

بعد أن استعرضنا ما يتعلق بموضوع تعليم الطب والتأهيل المهني والبحث العلمي وصناعة الدواء في الدولة الإسلامية، لا بد في هذا المقامِ منْ أنْ نُعرج على ما يُسمَّى بحقوقِ الطبعِ وبراءةِ الاختراعِ المتَّبَعَةِ في الأنظمةِ الرأسماليةِ، فبراءة الاختراع تندرج تحت ما يسمى بالملكية الفكرية والتي تعطي لمن يسبق إلى تسجيل الابتكار (حتى ولو لم يكن له في الابتكار نصيب) من أفراد وشركات، الحقَّ بتملك الابتكارات تملك عين ومنفعة ولا يحق لغيره أن ينتفع به إلا بإذنه، فهو إما أن يحتكره أو يبيع حق المنفعة لغيره، ببيع تسجيل البراءة أو أخذ مال مقابل كل مرة يُستخدم بها الابتكار.

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November 26, 2020

الرعاية الصحية في الدولة الإسلامية – الحلقة الثلاثون

الرعاية الصحية في الدولة الإسلامية – الحلقة الثلاثون


بعد أن استعرضنا ما يتعلق بموضوع تعليم الطب والتأهيل المهني والبحث العلمي وصناعة الدواء في الدولة الإسلامية، لا بد في هذا المقامِ منْ أنْ نُعرج على ما يُسمَّى بحقوقِ الطبعِ وبراءةِ الاختراعِ المتَّبَعَةِ في الأنظمةِ الرأسماليةِ، فبراءة الاختراع تندرج تحت ما يسمى بالملكية الفكرية والتي تعطي لمن يسبق إلى تسجيل الابتكار (حتى ولو لم يكن له في الابتكار نصيب) من أفراد وشركات، الحقَّ بتملك الابتكارات تملك عين ومنفعة ولا يحق لغيره أن ينتفع به إلا بإذنه، فهو إما أن يحتكره أو يبيع حق المنفعة لغيره، ببيع تسجيل البراءة أو أخذ مال مقابل كل مرة يُستخدم بها الابتكار.


ووضع الغرب للملكية الفكرية قوانين حماية، لكن حقيقة هذه القوانين تهدف إلى حماية أصحاب رؤوس الأموال وتمكينهم من احتكار رؤوس الأموال وتضييق دائرة السيولة النقدية بل وحصرها في دائرة الرأسماليين، فالشركات تعطي المبتكرين مكافآت مالية تعتبر شحيحة إذا ما قورنت بالعائد الحقيقي إلى أصحاب أسهم الشركات الكبرى والشركات الأقوى، وهذه تُعتبر إحدى أدوات الرأسمالية المستخدمة في ذبح الفقراء، وذلك في القطاع الأكثر حساسية والأهم بالنسبة لحياة البشر، فقد ذكرت صحيفة "وول ستريت جورنال" أن شركة "نكست سورس بيوتكنولوجي" رفعت ثمن عقار "لوموستين" - وهو دواء لسرطان الدماغ - بنسبة 1400%؛ ليصبح ثمن القرص الواحد منه أكثر من 700 دولار، بعدما كان يباع بـ50 دولاراً.


وهذه الشركات في كثير من الأحيان تؤخر الانتفاع بالمكتشفات المهمة خاصة في مجال الطب وصناعة الأدوية لسنوات كثيرة مع أن الناس في أمس الحاجة إليها وذلك لعدم التمكن من حمايتها بسبب بساطة الاختراع ـ لأنه إذا عرف تمكنت الشركات الأخرى من إعادة الاختراع بطرق أخرى غير محمية، فكم من دواء مفيد لم يتم إنتاجه لعدم توفر الجدوى الاقتصادية، وكم من أدوية رخيصة الثمن وفي متناول الأيدي لأنها لا تخضع لقوانين الاحتكار التجاري قد وجد مؤخرا أن للعديد من هذه الأدوية استخدامات جديدة في معالجة العديد من الأمراض المستعصية، لكن شركات الأدوية تفضل التغاضي عنها وإنفاق المليارات على بحوث لتطوير وترويج مستحضرات دوائية جديدة باهظة الثمن قليلة الفائدة تقوم باحتكار تصنيعها وبراءة اختراعها حيث تحقق لها ربحاً أكبر.

ومن عادة النظام الرأسمالي النفعي فإنه أحيانا يلتف على بعض قوانينه، ففي ظل أزمة فيروس كورونا تم إقرار تشريع لحالات الطوارئ في كندا، يمنح وزير الصحة صلاحيات الالتفاف حول قانون براءات الاختراع، لضمان إمكانية إنتاج الإمدادات الطبية أو الأدوية أو اللقاحات محلياً. وكذلك استند كيان يهود إلى بند لتعليق براءات الاختراع في ظروف الطوارئ، بما يسمح لها باستيراد نسخة عامة من عقار كاليترا المضاد للفيروسات الذي تنتجه الشركة العالمية للصناعات الدوائية أبفي.


إن شروط حماية الملكية الفكرية هي شروط غير شرعية، لا يجب الالتزام بها، فهي تجعل الانتفاع بالعين المباعة مقصورا على انتفاع دون انتفاع آخر وهذا مخالف لمقتضى عقد البيع الشرعي ،لأن مقتضى عقد البيع في الإسلام، كما يعطي للمشتري حق الملكية يعطيه أيضا حق التصرف بما يملك، ولا سلطان للبائع على ما باع بعد البيع.


وكل شرط مخالف لمقتضى عقد البيع باطل يكون المشتري في حل منه، ولو كان مائة شرط، والشروط التي تحرم الحلال شروط باطلة لقوله (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم): «وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَى شُرُوطِهِمْ إِلا شَرْطًا حَرَّمَ حَلالاً أَوْ أَحَلَّ حَرَامًا»، رواه الترمذي بسند صححه الألباني.

ولا تحاسب الدولة ولا تمنع أيا من الشركات أو الأفراد تحت حكمها من التصرف والانتفاع بما استوردوه أو نقلوه من دول أخرى، وذلك ضمن حدود الشرع، مثل تحليل الأدوية المحمية دوليا ببراءة اختراع ثم إعادة تصنيعها وفق الأسس الطبية الصحيحة وبيعها، أو إعادة طبع المقالات العلمية ونشرها دون إذن من كاتبها أو ناشرها.

ولا ينظر إلى ما يسمى باتفاقية حقوق الملكية الفكرية (TRIPS)، أو الاتفاقية العامة للتعريفات والتجارة (GATT)، فتحت حجة براءة الاختراع لا تنفك الشركات الكبرى ومافيات سوق الأدوية الدولية تحتكر تصنيع الأدوية وبراءة اختراعها مستغلة تلك الاتفاقيات الدولية فترفع سعر الدواء بصورة فاحشة والمتضررون هم الأفراد الفقراء أو دول العالم الثالث، فمثلا 10% من سكان جنوب إفريقيا مصابون وتقدر التكلفة الإجمالية لعلاجه بألف دولار شهريا وهو رقم تعجز الدولة عن توفيره لمرضاها فعرضت شركة هندية للدواء بيع كمية نوعية من الدواء بسعر أدنى من سعر الشركة المحتكرة بخمس وثلاثين مرة، وعندما منحته جنوب إفريقيا ترخيصا لإنتاج الدواء اعتبر ذلك انتهاكا لاتفاقية التجارة الحرة التي تفرض حقوقا للملكية الفكرية! وأقامت شركات الدواء المتضامنة دعوى على جنوب إفريقيا لانتهاكها تلك الحقوق.


إن العقوبات الدولية أو المقاطعة التجارية التي قد تستخدمها الدول الأخرى أو الأمم المتحدة ضد الدولة الإسلامية في حال خرق مثل هذه الاتفاقيات هي مسألة سياسية ينبغي للدولة التعامل معها دون التنازل أو مخالفة الشرع، ويمكن أن يستخدم الإعلام لمحاولة كشف الجشع الرأسمالي واستغلاله لهذه الاتفاقيات لحرمان الدول والشعوب الفقيرة من الانتفاع بخيرات العلم، ومحاولة استمالة الرأي العالمي من أجل كسر هذه الاتفاقيات والتخلص من تبعاتها.

جمع وإعداد: راضية عبد الله

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Reflections on the book: "Elements of the Islamic Psyche" - Episode Fifteen

Reflections on the book: "Elements of the Islamic Psyche"

Prepared by Professor Muhammad Ahmad Al-Nadi

Episode Fifteen

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Imam of the pious, the Master of the Messengers, sent as a mercy to the worlds, our master Muhammad and all his family and companions. Make us with them, and gather us in their company, by your mercy, O Most Merciful of the merciful.

Dear listeners, listeners of the Media Office Radio of Hizb ut-Tahrir:

Peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you. In this episode, we continue our reflections on the book: "Elements of the Islamic Psyche." In order to build the Islamic personality, with attention to the Islamic mentality and the Islamic psyche, we say, with God's help: 

O Muslims:

We said in the last episode: It is also Sunnah for a Muslim to supplicate for his brother behind his back, just as it is Sunnah for him to ask his brother to supplicate for him. It is Sunnah for him to visit him, sit with him, keep in touch with him, and share with him for the sake of God after loving him. It is recommended for a Muslim to meet his brother with what he likes to please him with that. We add in this episode and say: It is recommended for a Muslim to give gifts to his brother, according to the hadith of Abu Hurairah, which was reported by Bukhari in Al-Adab Al-Mufrad, Abu Ya'la in his Musnad, Al-Nasa'i in Al-Kuna, and Ibn Abd Al-Barr in Al-Tamhid. Al-Iraqi said: The chain of narrators is good, and Ibn Hajar said in Al-Talkhis Al-Habir: Its chain of narrators is good, he said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Exchange gifts, you will love one another." 

It is also recommended for him to accept his gift and reward him for it, according to the hadith of Aisha in Bukhari, who said: "The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, used to accept gifts and reward for them."

And the hadith of Ibn Umar in Ahmad, Abu Dawood, and Al-Nasa'i, who said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Whoever seeks refuge in God, grant him refuge, and whoever asks you in the name of God, give him, and whoever seeks protection in God, protect him, and whoever does you a favor, reward him, and if you do not find anything, then supplicate for him until you know that you have rewarded him."

This is between brothers, and it has nothing to do with the gifts of the subjects to the rulers, as they are like bribery, which is forbidden. And one of the rewards is to say: May God reward you with good. 

Al-Tirmidhi narrated from Usama bin Zaid, may God be pleased with them both, and said it is good and authentic, he said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Whoever has a favor done to him and says to the one who did it: "May God reward you with good," then he has exaggerated in the praise." And praise is gratitude, i.e., reward, especially from someone who finds nothing else, as Ibn Hibban narrated in his Sahih from Jabir bin Abdullah, who said: I heard the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, say: "Whoever is given a favor and does not find anything better than praise for it, then he has thanked him, and whoever conceals it has disbelieved, and whoever adorns himself with falsehood is like one who wears two garments of falsehood." And with a good chain of narrators, Al-Tirmidhi narrated from Jabir bin Abdullah, who said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Whoever is given a gift and finds something to repay it with, let him repay it, and if he does not find anything, let him praise it, for whoever praises it has thanked him, and whoever conceals it has disbelieved, and whoever adorns himself with what he has not been given is like one who wears two garments of falsehood." And disbelieving in the gift means concealing and covering it up. 

With an authentic chain of narrators, Abu Dawood and Al-Nasa'i narrated from Anas, who said: "The Muhajirun said, "O Messenger of God, the Ansar have taken all the reward, we have not seen a people who are better at giving a lot, nor better at consoling in a little than them, and they have spared us the burden," he said: "Do you not praise them for it and supplicate for them?" They said: "Yes," he said: "That is for that." 

A Muslim should be grateful for the little as he is grateful for the much, and be grateful to the people who do him good, as Abdullah bin Ahmad narrated in his additions with a good chain of narrators from Al-Nu'man bin Bashir, who said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Whoever is not grateful for the little, is not grateful for the much, and whoever is not grateful to the people, is not grateful to God, and talking about God's blessings is gratitude, and leaving it is disbelief, and the group is mercy, and division is torment."

It is Sunnah to intercede for one's brother for a benefit of righteousness or to facilitate a difficulty, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Abu Musa, who said: "The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, was sitting when a man came asking, or seeking a need, he turned his face to us and said, "Intercede, so that you may be rewarded, and God will decree on the tongue of His Prophet what He wills."

And as Muslim narrated from Ibn Umar from the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, who said: "Whoever is a connection for his Muslim brother to a person of authority for a benefit of righteousness or to facilitate a difficulty, will be helped to cross the Path on the day when feet slip."

It is also recommended for a Muslim to defend the honor of his brother behind his back, as Al-Tirmidhi narrated and said this is a good hadith from Abu Al-Darda' from the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, who said: "Whoever defends the honor of his brother, God will ward off the fire from his face on the Day of Resurrection." This hadith of Abu Al-Darda' was narrated by Ahmad, and he said its chain of narrators is good, and Al-Haythami said the same. 

And what Ishaq bin Rahwayh narrated from Asma bint Yazid, who said: I heard the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, say: "Whoever defends the honor of his brother behind his back, it is a right upon God to free him from the Fire." 

Al-Quda'i narrated in Musnad al-Shihab from Anas, who said: The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "Whoever supports his brother behind his back, God will support him in this world and the hereafter." Al-Quda'i also narrated it from Imran bin Hussein with the addition: "And he is able to support him." And as Abu Dawood and Al-Bukhari narrated in Al-Adab Al-Mufrad, and Al-Zain Al-Iraqi said: Its chain of narrators is good from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: "The believer is the mirror of the believer, and the believer is the brother of the believer, from wherever he meets him, he protects him from his loss and surrounds him from behind."

O Muslims:

You have learned from the noble Prophetic hadiths mentioned in this episode and the previous episode that it is Sunnah for whoever loves a brother for the sake of God to inform him and let him know that he loves him. It is also Sunnah for a Muslim to supplicate for his brother behind his back. It is also Sunnah for him to ask his brother to supplicate for him. It is Sunnah for him to visit him, sit with him, keep in touch with him, and share with him for the sake of God after loving him. It is recommended for a Muslim to meet his brother with what he likes to please him with that. It is recommended for a Muslim to give gifts to his brother. It is also recommended for him to accept his gift and reward him for it.

A Muslim should be grateful to the people who do him good. It is Sunnah to intercede for one's brother for a benefit of righteousness or to facilitate a difficulty. It is also recommended for him to defend the honor of his brother behind his back. So why don't we adhere to these Sharia rulings and all the rulings of Islam, so that we may be as our Lord loves and is pleased with, so that He may change what is within us, improve our conditions, and we may win the best of this world and the hereafter?! 

Dear listeners: Listeners of the Media Office Radio of Hizb ut-Tahrir: 

We will suffice with this amount in this episode, with the understanding that we will complete our reflections in the coming episodes, God willing. Until that time and until we meet you, we leave you in God's care, protection, and security. We thank you for your kind listening, and peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you. 

Know, O Muslims! - Episode 15
November 14, 2025

Know, O Muslims! - Episode 15

Know, O Muslims!

Episode 15

Among the assisting bodies of the Khilafah state are the ministers whom the Caliph appoints to assist him in bearing the burdens of the Khilafah and fulfilling its responsibilities. The multitude of the Khilafah's burdens, especially as the Khilafah state grows and expands, makes it difficult for the Caliph to bear them alone, so he needs someone to help him bear them to fulfill its responsibilities. However, it is not correct to call them ministers without restriction, so that the meaning of the minister in Islam, which is in the sense of an assistant, is not confused with the meaning of the minister in the current man-made systems based on democratic, capitalist, secular, or other systems that we witness in the present era.